Ramadan

Ramadan Mubarak the Islamic greeting during Ramadan

Ramadan is the month on the Islamic calender where Muslims fast between sunup and sundown. Ramadan doesn't fall at the same time every year due to the Islamic calendar being a lunar calendar (vs. the solar calendar secular dates are based on). Since the Lunar calendar is 11 days shorter then the solar calendar, Ramadan cycles through each of the 4 seasons.

Practices

There's more to Ramadan then just not eating or drinking anything while the sun is up. Islams are also expected to avoid unkind and impure thoughts and words, sex, smoking, and immoral behavior. Muslims see Ramadan as a time to practice self-restraint and self-reflection. Going to work, school, and tend to things they need to do is acceptable under the rules of Islam.

Only Muslims who have reached puberty and are in good health are expected to fast. Pregnant women, the elderly, and travelers are among the people exempt from fasting. They are expected to either make up for it at a later date, or help feed the poor instead of fasting. As to the reason for the fasting. It's meant to cleanse the soul and promote empathy for people who don't have enough to eat.

To keep Muslims from starving during Ramadan, the meal called "suhoor" is eaten before dawn, and "iftar" is eaten after sundown to break the fast. The foods at these two meals differs by culture.

Eid Mubarak a Islamic greeting meaning Blessed Holiday

Eid al-Fitr (or Eid ul-Fitr)

At the end of Ramadan, there is a major, three day celebration (Eid al-Fitr). Eid al-Fitr is also know as "The Festival of the Breaking of the Fast." When the Eid starts is determined by when the first sight of the new moon is seen. This means that the exact date it's celebrated can (and does) differ from country to country based on geographic location.

While the traditions during Eid differ among different cultures, prayers and a short sermon at the beginning of Eid is a culture spanning tradition. Other common traditions are, visiting friends and relatives, giving to charity, wearing either traditional clothes or a new outfit, and gifts for children.

Sources

• Ramadan at history.com
• The Islamic Networks Group's sheet on Ramadan
• al jazeera's article on Ramadan 2017

Want to learn more?

• Ramadan at Britannica.com
• Ramadan from the religion section at BBC.co.uk
• Ramadan from islamicity.org
• Overview of Ramadan slideshow

Memorial Day

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Memorial Day is a US holiday to remember those that died while serving in the US military, particularly those that died in combat. Memorial Day is observed on the 3rd Monday in May, but was held on the 30 May for decades before that. Currently, it is also seen as the unofficial start of summer in the US.

History

What we know know as Memorial Day, was started as Decoration Day shortly after the end of the Civil War in 1865. Many US cities and towns began holding tributes to the men (and a few women I believe), who died in the war. They also decorated the graves with flowers, and the religious usually said prayers, also.

 Decoration Day

On 5 May 1868, Gen. John Logan, requested a national day remembrance on 30 May 1868. Why the 30th of May? Because it isn't the anniversary of any particular Civil War battle. The Decoration Day he sought was a day

"designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village and hamlet churchyard in the land"

 Gen. Logan got his request and the 30th of May 1868 was the first national "memorial" day. (It was still referred to as Decoration Day.) On that Decoration Day, 5,000 people gathered at Arlington National Cemetery to decorate the graves of the 20,000 Union and Confederate soldiers killed during the war buried there.

After that first day of remembrance, many northern states held commemorative events similar to the 1868 event at Arlington. By 1890, each of the northern states (at that time) had made Decoration Day an official state holiday. The southern states remembered their dead in other ways until after WWI.

In 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. This act established 4 national holidays to be always observed on a Monday in order to provide a 3 day weekend for Federal Employees. Memorial Day is one of those 4 holidays, the other 3 being Washington's Birthday (aka President's Day), Columbus Day, and Veterans Day. The bill went into effect 1 Jan 1971, making 31 May 1971 the first Memorial Day to be observed as a national holiday. (It was designated as the last Monday in May at that point.)

Sources

• History.com's page on Memorial Day
• 1971 calendar

• Pres. Lyndon Johnson on the Uniform Monday Holiday Act
• usmemorialday.org - includes the story about the red poppies
• Fast Facts - including casualty numbers

Shavuot

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In Hebrew, Shavuot means "weeks" (referring to the 7 weeks between Passover and Shavuot.) Jews believe that Shavuot is when God handed down the Torah on Mount Sinai. It's also one of the harvest festivals in Judaism, specifically the festival of the harvest of wheat.

Story of Shavuot

The story of Shavuot starts with the story of Passover, you can find a brief version of the Passover story on my previous post on Passover. So, picking up from there.

Pharaoh lets the Israelites leave Egypt, and they start the 40 year journey to the Promised Land.  Weeks later, the Israelites make camp at the base a mountain in the Sinai desert known as Mount Sinai. Over the time they are camped out there, Moses goes up the mountain several times to talk to God, and God gives Moses. During Moses' trips up the mountain, God gives him the 10 Commandments, along with laws concerning the altar, slaves, violence, property, restitution, the sabbatical year, the sabbath, festivities, the Tabernacle, and more. (You can read the full story in Exodus 19:1-34:30 of a Christian Bible.)

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Celebrations

How long you celebrate Shavuot depends on if you're in Israel or not. In Israel, it's a one day holiday, while the rest of the world extends the holiday to two days.

• Prayers for Shavuot are said to thank God for the Torah and God's law, especially at dawn.
• The Synagogue is decorated with flowers and plants to symbolize the flowers on Mount Sinai. Also, Jews go to the synagogue to hear the 10 Commandments be read there.
• People typically stay up all night to study the Torah on the first night.

As for food, it's customary to eat dairy food on Shavuot. Why? To Jews, the Torah is like nourishing milk, along with a few other reasons.

Sources

• BBC page on Shavuot
• Chabad.org's pages on Shavuot 101, why cheese is eaten

Want to learn more?

• Chabad.org has pages on several aspects of Shavuot.
• myjewishlearning.com's shavuot-101 page

Yom HaShoah

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Yom Hashoah is the day the Jewish calendar has set aside as Memorial Day for the victims of the Holocaust during WWII. It occurs on the 17th of Nissan, a week after Passover ends and a week before Yom Hazikaron. The date was set in 1951 by the Israeli Parliament. The full name (Yom HaShoah Ve-Hageurah) was adopted in 1953 and translates to "Day of remembrance of  the Holocaust and the Heroism.

Historical

Back in the 1950s, education about the Holocaust primarily centered on the suffering of the Jewish people during the Holocaust. Since then, there has been a shift to include how some resisted being tormented by the Nazis.

The day hasn't been embraced by all in the Jewish community. Some Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Jewish rabbis have refused to recognize the day, but they haven't formally rejected the holiday either.

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Observance

In Israel, at sundown on Yom Hashoah and again at 11 am, a siren sounds throughout Israel to stop traffic and pedestrians for 2 minutes of silence. Also on the day, radio and television programs in Israel have some connection to the Holocaust and how it affected the Jewish people, including interviews with survivors.

In North America, the day is observed by Jews in both the synagogue and the Jewish community as a whole. Talks from survivors, educational programs, vigils, songs, reading, etc are all ways different Jewish communities outside of Israel choose to commemorate the day. Since 1979, there have been civil ceremonies in Washington D.C. to commemorate the day.

Communities aren't held to the rituals that have been observed in the past either. Every community is open to develop new rituals, even rituals that haven't been observed in any community before.

Opinion

If I may stray and give my opinion, this is a day that I think should be commemorated worldwide by Jews and non-Jews alike. It marks a part of our history as a species that I believe we should be ashamed of (as a species) and that I believe we have to learn to understand so that we can ensure that nothing like it ever happens again. When I say understand, I mean not just understand what did happen, but what led to it happening, right down to ALL factors that made it possible in the first place, including the scapegoating of Jews that made it possible for people who would normally have been against all of it to be able to justify actions taken during the Holocaust, from making Jews wear the Star of David on their clothes, to the murder of Jews simply for being Jewish.

As a result of that, in my opinion, talks and interviews with survivors and educational programs are the best ways to commemorate the day.

Sources

• myjewishlearning.com
• jewishvirtuallibrary.org

Yom Hashoah

• reformjudaism.org - includes a link to songs/prayers and a glossary

The Holocaust

• history.com
• Holocaust Memorial Museum including it's pages on the causes and antisemitism
• annefrankguide.net
• Calvin College archive of Nazi propaganda

Easter Traditions

Since I already did a post about Holy Week, the post today will focus on traditions, specifically in the US and a few European countries.

United States

As somebody that has lived in the Midwest US my entire life, this is the part where I am the most knowledgeable before research.

Probably the biggest Easter tradition in the US is the "Easter Bunny" delivering a basket of treats on Easter. The baskets typically have candy in plastic eggs, chocolate rabbits, and some small toys and/or gifts. Families will even dye hard boiled eggs for Easter and you can buy kits of dye at stores like Target or Walmart.

Some small towns hide eggs in a local park for an Easter Egg hunt. It's also a common thing for families to do in their own yard, also.

At the US White House, the annual Easter Egg Roll has been an Easter tradition since 1878.

Scandanavia

Påskekrim (Easter crime) is a Norwegian Easter tradition that may surprise you. It's a tradition of reading mystery books and/or watching detective shows or movies.

It's also common for Norwegian families to escape into the mountains for a week over Easter in a ski cabin. While at the cabin, playing games like Yahtzee is a popular tradition.

In neighboring Sweden, it's traditional for children to wear old, discarded clothing to dress up as Easter witches in the days before Easter and go from home to home trading paintings and drawing for sweets. There's a similar tradition in Finland, children dress up as witches, and go around begging for chocolate.

Italy

In Florence, Scoppio del Carro (explosion of the cart), has been an Easter tradition for over 300 years. The locals pack an ornate cart with fireworks and lead the cart through the streets while wearing costumes from the 1500s. After stopping outside of the Duomo, the Archbishop of Florence lights a fuse during mass that leads outside to the cart.

In the town of Panicale , locals gather the day after Easter to roll huge wheels of Ruzzola cheese around the town's perimeter in a tradition they refer to as Ruzzolone.

In Sicily, Abballu de daivuli is a tradition where locals wear red robes along with masks to represent devils. Those dresses up in the costumes then pester as many "souls" as they can. (By pestering souls they mean make people pay for drinks.) In the afternoon, people dressed as the Virgin Mary and the risen Jesus, send the devils away with the help of people dressed as angels.

• Mental Floss article on the origins of some Easter traditions
• My Little Norway post from 2010 on traditions 
• Explore Italian Culture post on traditions

Sources

• HuffingtonPost.com post from 2009
• Woman's Day post from 2018
• Reader's Digest post

Pesach/Passover

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Passover (in Hebrew Pesach) in one of the most important holidays on the Jewish calendar. It's celebrates the story of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. The holiday has been celebrated since about 1300 BCE (BC to us older folks.) The holiday lasts for 8 days, from the 15th to 22nd of Nissan.

The Passover Story

During the time of the Egyptian pharaohs, the Hebrews were held as slaves in Egypt. After generations of slavery, the Pharaoh a Hebrew baby came to be raised in the palace, spent part of his adult life in Midian with other Hebrew's who weren't slaves, and returned to Egypt to free the enslaved Hebrews. When the Pharaoh didn't release the Hebrews on command, the Hebrew god sent a plague that affected the Egyptians, but not the Hebrews. 10 plagues in all. (1. Water turned to blood,  2. frogs, 3. lice, 4. flies, 5. death of livestock, 6. boils, 7. hail, 8. locusts, 9. darkness, and 10. death of the first born.).

Just before the 10th plague, the Hebrews were directed to slaughter a male lamb 4 days before, brush the blood on their door frame, and make a special meal with the meat of the lamb. When the angel of death came to kill the fist born child of each family in Egypt,  it "passed over" the homes with blood on the door frame, giving the holiday it's name.

After the 10th plague, the Pharaoh agreed to let his Hebrew slaves go free.

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How Passover Is Celebrated

The central ritual of Passover is the Passover Seder. That is a ritual meal that is played out almost as if it's a play.  It consists of symbolic foods and a script from the Haggadah. The celebration is primarily at home, but traditional Judaism prohibits working on the first and last days of the holiday. The community part of the holiday includes special services in the synagogue with readings, psalms, and the Yizkor service of remembrance is recited on the last day.

The most important of the symbolic foods is the matzah, a type of unleavened bread. Other symbolic foods are Karpas (green vegetable, usually parsley); Haroset (sweet fruit paste), the bitter herbs Maror (usually horseradish) and Hazeret (usually Romaine), Zeroa (shank bone), and Beitzah (egg). It's also common to have salt water or vinegar on the Sedar table.

Sources

• BBC page on Passover
• Myjewishlearning.com page on Passover and the Seder

• myjewishlearning on the Haggadah and Yizkor
• Judaism 101 page on Passover with part of the text and some of the music
• ReformJudaism.org page

Holy Week

To Christians, Holy Week begins on Palm Sunday, and runs the entire week through Easter the following Sunday. It's a week to celebrate the part of the Jesus story that begins with him entering Jerusalem for the last time, his betrayal, trial, crucifixion, and rising from the dead.  Easter (along with Christmas) are the two main religious holidays in the Christian tradition.

The date for the week is established based on the date of Easter, which is determined by a combination of the season and the status of the moon. The council of Nicea declared Easter Sunday to be the first Sunday after the first full moon on or after the vernal equinox (aka first day of spring.) That is still how the date is determined among non-Orthodox Christian churches.

Palm Sunday (or Passion Sunday)

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Palm Sunday is the last Sunday before Easter, and kicks off Holy Week. The church services that day read the story of Jesus coming into Jerusalem that's recorded in Matthew 21, Mark 11, Luke 19, and John 12. During services, parishioners are given palm branches to wave.

The history of celebrating the day is uncertain, but there are records of the day being celebrated as early as the 4th century in Jerusalem, and the 9th century elsewhere.  

Maundy Thursday (or Holy Thursday)

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Maundy Thursday is the Thursday before Easter.  Out of the days of Holy Week covered here, Maundy Thursday is the one that is mostly likely to not be understood  by the average Christian.

Maundy Thursday is believed to be the day Jesus Christ celebrated his last Passover. (My post on Passover will go up later this week.)  According the the Biblical story, his last Passover is when Jesus washed the feet of his disciples (an act of humility), commanded his disciples to do the same with each other, and commanded his disciples to love each other.

Good Friday

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Good Friday is the Friday before Easter and the day Christians believe Jesus was hung on the cross until dead.

In church services held on Good Friday, it's traditional to not serve communion as it's a day of sorrow and communion is seen as a celebration. It's also traditional to remove ornamentation on the altar and cover both the altar and the cross in black to signify death.

It's also not uncommon for some churches to have Stations of the Cross during their service, where each station symbolizes a part of the arrest, trial, and crucifixion in the story of his death.

Easter Sunday

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To Christians, Easter Sunday is believed to be the day that Jesus rose from the dead, making it a day of great joy for Christians.

In many churches, it's customary to have what is called a "sunrise service" in the early morning (ex. 6 am). For churches that have that and the Good Friday service mentioned above, this service starts off dark, then the black covering the altar and cross are removed and the ornamentations replaced. Simultaneously, the lights in the sanctuary (or nave) are brightened to symbolize Jesus rising from the dead.

There are many ways to celebrate the day. One common way Christians celebrate is to get together with their family and enjoy a meal together. Lamb is common as the meat for the meal because Christians see Jesus as the "lamb of God." However, ham is traditional in my family, and I'm sure many others.

Sources

• ThoughtCo pages on Palm Sunday, 
• Christianity.com page on Maundy Thursday  
• Christian Research Institute's pages on the week and the Easter Vigil

St. Patrick's Day

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Of course, to understand St. Patrick's Day, we first have to know something about the man  the holiday is named for.

Saint Patrick

St. Patrick
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There are many stories about things Patrick supposedly did during his life. Most of which are nothing more then stories. The most famous example of one of these stories is probably that story that he drove all the snakes out of Ireland. (The snakes weren't there for him to banish.) Besides the stories (you can call them folk tales if you like), there's not much we know about his life.

What we do know is that he was born to wealthy parents in Britain, not Ireland, most likely near the end of the 4th century CE (AD to us older folks.) Even though his father was a Christian deacon, there is no evidence that he came from a deeply religious family.

When Irish raiders attacked his family's estate when Patrick was 16, he was taken prisoner and brought to Ireland and was in captivity for the next 6 years. While he was in captivity, he was put to work as a shepheard away from people. This is when he really turned to religion and became a devout Christian.

After the 6 years of captivity, he escaped and made his way back to Britain. After getting back, he began 15 years of religious training. At the end of the training, he was made an ordained priest, and sent back to Ireland with 2 missions. 1 to cater to the Christians that were already there, and the second to convert as many non-Christian Irish to Christianity as he could. Since he was already familiar with the language and culture, he chose to incorporate those native traditions into Irish Christianity. (He wasn't the first to incorporate "pagan" beliefs into Christianity to convert people.)

His death is believed to be 17 March 461 CE

History

The St. Patrick feast day has been celebrated in Ireland since about the 9th or 10th century. However, the first St. Patrick Day parade took place 17 March 1762 in New York City. It was organized by Irish soldiers serving in the British military to reconnect with their Irish roots and to connect with fellow Irish soldiers. The holiday and parades grew from there.

After the Great Potato Famine in 1845, almost 1 million poor, uneducated Irish immigrated to the US in an attempt to escape starvation. Despised for having unfamiliar accents and different religious beliefs, they had trouble finding jobs, and were portrayed in political cartoons as drunk, violent monkeys.

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Traditions

There are several traditions surrounding St. Patrick's Day. Some that cross borders, and others that are particular to a city.

Parades have already been touched on, and is one tradition that crosses borders. Multiple cities in the US have St. Patrick's Day parades. A parade is even part of Dublin's St. Patrick's Festival. At least in my part of the US, wearing green on St. Patrick's Day and pinching people who don't wear green that day is a tradition. Others include drinking Guinness (an Irish beer) and eating corned beef and cabbage.

Perhaps the most famous city specific tradition is Chicago's tradition of  dyeing the Chicago River green

Some of the symbols on the day are Shamrocks, leprechauns.

Some of the places where the holiday is celebrated

Sources

• History.com - St. Patrick, history

• More information on traditions can be found here
• St. Patrick's day in Old Ireland

Purim

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Purim is the Jewish holiday that celebrates the 14th of Adar. It celebrates the story of the nations salvation over 2 millennia ago. It starts tonight at sundown, and goes to March 1st most places, but March 2nd in Jerusalem. The name of the holiday (Purim) translates to lots, which refer a part in the story.

Story of Purim

In the 4th century BCE (BC to us older folks), the Persian empire was expansive, and included the land where the Jewish people lived. King Ahasuerus had his wife killed for not following his orders and organized a beauty pageant to find his next wife. Esther, a Jewish girl, caught his fancy and became his wife, refusing to tell her nationality.

Haman, was the King's Prime Minister, and asked the king to order the death of all Jews. His reason, Mordechai, Esther's cousin, refused to bow down to him. The King agreed. The date, 13th of Adar, was chosen by a lottery.

Mordechai asked his fellow Jews to repent, fast, and pray to God. Esther asked both the King and Hamman to a feast. At the feast, she revealed the fact that she was Jewish. The King order the death of Haman, and chose Mordechai to take Haman's place. The Jews were granted the right to defend themselves from those still desiring the massacre, and killed many trying to kill them on the 13th of Adar. The following day, the rested and celebrated.

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How Purim is celebrated

Jews have several traditions when it comes to celebrating Purim. Many go to the synagogue to hear the Megillah (aka the Christian "Book of Esther") read in it's entirety. Both on the night of Purim, and the following morning. Noisemakers can be used whenever Haman's name is mentioned in the reading.

Other traditions include: giving to the needy (Matanot L'Evyonim), sending gifts of food to friends (Mishloach Manot), feasting on Purim day (the 14th of Adar, 15th in Jerusalem), special prayers, and a masquerade.

There are also several tradition to prepare for Purim. Examples are: reading the Zachor, the Fast of Esther (day before Purim), and giving 3 coins in 1/2 denominations (ex. half dollar coins) to charity (Machatzis HaShekel).

Some ancient walled cities (including Jerusalem) celebrate Purim on the 15th of Adar (Shushan Purim). They do so to celebrate the battle at the walled city of Shushan, where the battle extended an extra day.

Sources

• www.chabad.org

• The BBC's page on the holiday
• There's also plenty of information on chabad.org
• Information on the Fast of Esther at chabad
• Judaism 101's site
• My Jewish Learning's site
• Reform Judaism's site includes recipes

Valentine's Day

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Today is Valentine's Day. Since anybody reading this likely already knows the day's traditions, I'll focus on the history of the holiday.

From what I can find, the exact origins of Valentine's Day are lost to history. However, it likely comes from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia in February. Lupercal began with a sacrifice of male goat(s) and a dog along with spreading the blood from the sacrifice onto 2 nude Luperci. (Male goats were symbols of sexuality.) Then, the actual feast. After the feast, the Luperci cut strips from the hide of the sacrificed goat, ran around nude (or nearly nude), whipping women with the strips. At some point, men drew the names of local women to find out who they'd be coupled to for the duration of the festival, sometimes longer. Over time, Lupercalia's nudity was replaced with everybody being fully clothed.

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In the 3rd century CE (AD to us older folks), there's a tradition stating that Emperor Claudius II executed a man named Valentine on 14 February after Valentine tried to get Claudius to convert to Christianity. There's another legend stating that Claudius had 2 men named Valentine executed on the 14 February, but in different years. Despite the lack of records confirming the legend, Valentine was made a saint by the Catholic church. I couldn't find a date in my quick search though. However, Pope Gelasius outlawed Lupercalia and declared 14 February Valentine's Day in the 5th century CE.

Valentine's Day was romanticized by both Chaucer and Shakespeare in their writings. During the middle ages, the tradition of handmade cards became popular. During the Industrial Revolution, factory made cards were first created and gained popularity.

My Sources

• History.com - Lupercalia and Valentine's Day
• NPR piece by Arnie Seipel

To finish this off, here's a map with the countries that celebrate Valentine's Day in pink.

Tu B'Shevat

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Tonight begins the Jewish holiday of Tu B'shevat. Tu B'shevat is the Jewish New Year for Trees, 1 of 4 New Years on the Jewish calendar. On the day of Tu B'shevat, starting at sundown tonight and ending at sundown tomorrow, Jews typically eat fruits associated with the Holy Land. the holiday gets it's name from it's date on the Jewish calendar (15th of Shevat). Due to the nature of the Jewish calendar, this is a holiday that changes dates on the secular calendar.

The holiday is used to count the age of trees for tithing purposes. In the Torah*, Leviticus to be more precise, it states that one shouldn't eat the fruit from trees it's first 3 years and that the fruit of the 4th year should be gifted to God. People are free to eat the fruit from the tree on following years.

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The day naturally comes with a few traditions. One is to eat a new fruit on this day. Another is to eat all 7 of the spices mentioned in the Torah as abundant spices in Israel. Another tradition is to plant trees or collect money to plant trees in Israel. It's also customary to recite a blessing on the fruit eaten on the day.

• the pages on the day at chabad.org
• myJewishLearning has a few pages about how the holiday's types, the month/eating, and the holiday and it's history.

Sources

• BBC's summary of religions and their holidays
• Judaism 101
• chabad.org

* The Torah is roughly equivalent to the Christian Old Testament (OT). For the most part, it has the same books, but in a different order. Some of the book the Christian OT has are lumped together in the Torah also. Resulting in the Torah having 24 books compared to the either 39 or 46 in the OT. (Catholics have some OT books Protestants don't have.)

Martin Luther King, Jr Day

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Today is Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. The day we celebrate the man who fought to end segregation and racism in general. The quote on The King Center's page from his wife that I feel best represents what he fought for and, thus, represents who and what we celebrate today is, "We commemorate Dr. King's inspiring words, because his and his vision filled a great void in our nation, and answered our cellective longing to become a country that truly lived by its noblest principles." MLK (Martin Luther King, Jr.) not only spoke up for his vision of a county without racism, he also put his life on the line in his fight. He faced threats, jail, and beatings as results of his advocacy. While he didn't achieve his dream, his actions did result in some long overdue changes towards racial equality.

Now I won't go into great detail about MLK's life, both personal and as what many today would call a Social Justice Warrior, I will give some information here and provide links for anybody that wants to know more about the man and his mission.

I (mage source   quote's validity source

A Brief History on the Holiday Itself

• Martin Luther King, Jr Day is celebrated on the 3rd monday in January.
• The first legislation introduced to create the holiday was brought forth on 8 April 1968, 4 days after his assassination, by Congressman John Conyers (D-MI).
• The day wasn't an official holiday anywhere in the US until Illinois made it a state holiday in 1973, followed by Massachusetts and Connecticut the following year.
• His wife (Coretta Scott King) testified in front of both the Senate Judiciary Committee and Joint Hearings of Congress in favor of creating the federal holiday we have today in 1979, but the Conyers King Holiday bill was defeated in a floor vote in the House that November. (Note, it was defeated by only 5 votes.)
• Mrs. King again testified for the holiday in 1982, but before the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Services's Subcommittee on Census and Population.
• She again testified before Congress in favor of the King Holiday Bill in June of 1983.
• The bill was signed by President Reagan in November of 1983, creating the federal holiday we currently have.

With his family. Source

A Brief History on Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther was born in 1929 as Michael Luther King, jr, but later changed his name to Martin. He attended segregated schools as a child and got his B.A. in sociology from Morehouse College in 1948. He then went on to receive his B.D. degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania. He followed that with going to Boston University for his graduate studies. He finished his graduate studies in 1953, and was awarded the degree in 1955. Boston is also where he met and married his wife Coretta Scott. The couple had 3 children.

MLK was on the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) by 1954. He accepted the role of leader in the 382 day Montgomery Bus Boycott in December of 1955, which resulted in the US Supreme Court ruling segregation on busses unconstitutional. Between 1957 and his death in 1968, King traveled the country and spoke where there was injustice, protest, and action, as well as leading many protests himself and writing 5 books.

King was the youngest man to win the Nobel Peace Prize when he was told he was to be the winner at 35. In 1968, at 39, he was assassinated in Memphis, TN.

• read any of the books on his biography page at nobelprize.org (link in the sources)
• his biography at The King Center's website
• his biography at history.com
• his entry at britannica.com
• you can also read his autobiography which is available at both Amazon and Google books. You can also find it in a library with worldcat

SOURCES

• The King Center 1 - 2 - 3
• NobelPrize.org
• Morehouse College website

Orthodox Christmas

I decided I'm going to go through the year writing posts about each of the holidays for Christians, Jews, & Muslims. Each post will give a brief overview of the holiday, including what the holiday celebrates and how people celebrate. I'll even include where for holidays like today's that are primarily in specific areas/countries. My sources will be included at the bottom on each post for anyone that wants to check my sources, or get some more information.

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Today, January 7th, is Christmas Day in many Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. The difference in dates between the Orthodox Christmas and Christmas for non-Orthodox Christians is a result of using different calendars. Most of the world has adopted and follows the Gregorian calendar (proposed 1582), while the Christian Orthodox church still uses the Julian calendar (created 45 BC). The 2 calendars differ by 13 days, resulting in Orthodox Christmas being 13 days after Christmas for the rest of Christianity and Epiphany being on January 19th vs January 6. Some Orthodox churches have adopted a version of the Julian calendar that puts Christmas on December 25, but not all. For example, 85% of Orthodox Christians in Russia celebrate Christmas today.

The Orthodox Christian churches that celebrate Christmas today are primarily in Belarus, Bulgaria, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine. The map below shows the location of each country in yellow.

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The story that is celebrated at Christmas is pieced together from 2 different accounts in the books of Matthew and Luke in the Bible (Christian holy book). That story is the story of Jesus's birth. Christians see Jesus as the son of God, who was born to a virgin named Mary. Mary was engaged to a man named Joseph, who was also a carpenter. Luke contains the story of an angel visiting Mary to tell her she was to give birth to Jesus, as well as the story of Mary and Joseph travelling to Bethlehem and shepherds being led to the manger that was used as newborn Jesus's cradle. While Matthew contains the story of wise men following a star to see baby Jesus and present him with gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.

The date of Christmas was set in the 4th century C.E. (previously known as AD) by Pope Julius I in an attempt to Christianize the pagan festivals that already took place around the winter solstice. From these pagan festivities came some of the traditions celebrating Christmas that Christians still follow today, including decorating the home in greenery and gift giving from the Roman Saturnalia.

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The Christmas season is celebrated a little differently in the western, non-Orthodox Christian churches and the Eastern Orthodox churches. For starters, the Eastern Orthodox church doesn't have Advent. Instead they fast for the 40 days before Christmas and a very strict fast on Christmas Eve (Jan. 6). The fast is from meat and dairy, but the strict fast on Christmas Eve is from everything but water. Also, the Christmas Eve service begins with singing of the Royal Hours. The traditions of a Christmas tree and gift giving are commonly shared among Orthodox and non-Orthodox Christians however.

Want more information on some aspect, here's the links I found for you.

• Singing of the Royal Hours on wikipedia. There's also a recording of the Singing of the Royal Hours here.
• More specific information on a particular country?
• Belarus
• Bulgaria
• Egypt
• Eritrea
• Ethiopia
• Georgia
• Macedonia
• Russia
• Serbia
• Ukraine

Sources

• The Independent - United Kingdom
• BBC's information on different religions
• Orthodox Way of Life blog post for 4 Dec 2010
• ABC Australia